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實驗室液液萃取儀的原理

  • 更新日期:2023-12-05      瀏覽次數:134
    • 又稱溶劑萃取或液液萃取(以區別于固液萃取,即浸取),亦稱抽提(通用于石油煉制工業),是一種利用相似相溶原理,用液態的萃取劑處理與之不互溶的雙組分或多組分溶液,實現組分分離的傳質分離過程。
      萃取又稱溶劑萃取或液液萃取(以區別于固液萃取,即浸取),亦稱抽提(通用于石油煉制工業),是一種利用相似相溶原理,用液態的萃取劑處理與之不互溶的雙組分或多組分溶液,實現組分分離的傳質分離過程。
      固-液萃取,也叫浸取,用溶劑分離固體混合物中的組分,如用水浸取甜菜中的糖類;用酒精浸取黃豆中的豆油以提高油產量;用水從中藥中浸取有效成分以制取流浸膏叫“滲瀝"或“浸瀝"。 雖然萃取經常被用在化學試驗中,但它的操作過程并不造成被萃取物質化學成分的改變(或說化學反應),所以萃取操作是一個物理過程。 萃取是有機化學實驗室中用來提純和純化化合物的手段之一。通過萃取,能從固體或液體混合物中提取出所需要的化合物。


      利用化(hua)(hua)(hua)合(he)(he)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)兩(liang)種(zhong)(zhong)互(hu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)相(xiang)(xiang)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(或微溶(rong)(rong)(rong))的(de)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)中(zhong)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)解(jie)度(du)(du)或分(fen)(fen)配(pei)系數[1]的(de)不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong),使化(hua)(hua)(hua)合(he)(he)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)從(cong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)內(nei)轉移到另外一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)中(zhong)。經過(guo)反復(fu)多次(ci)萃(cui)取(qu)(qu),將絕大部分(fen)(fen)的(de)化(hua)(hua)(hua)合(he)(he)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)提取(qu)(qu)出(chu)來(lai)。 分(fen)(fen)配(pei)定律是萃(cui)取(qu)(qu)方法理論的(de)主要(yao)依(yi)據,物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)對不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)的(de)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)有(you)著(zhu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)的(de)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)解(jie)度(du)(du)。同(tong)時,在(zai)(zai)(zai)兩(liang)種(zhong)(zhong)互(hu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)相(xiang)(xiang)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)的(de)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)中(zhong),加入某種(zhong)(zhong)可溶(rong)(rong)(rong)性的(de)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)時,它能分(fen)(fen)別溶(rong)(rong)(rong)解(jie)于兩(liang)種(zhong)(zhong)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)中(zhong),實驗(yan)證明(ming),在(zai)(zai)(zai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)定溫(wen)度(du)(du)下,該化(hua)(hua)(hua)合(he)(he)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)與(yu)此(ci)兩(liang)種(zhong)(zhong)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)不(bu)(bu)(bu)發生分(fen)(fen)解(jie)、電解(jie)、締合(he)(he)和(he)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)化(hua)(hua)(hua)等(deng)作用時,此(ci)化(hua)(hua)(hua)合(he)(he)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)兩(liang)液(ye)(ye)層中(zhong)之比是一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個定值。不(bu)(bu)(bu)論所加物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)量(liang)是多少,都是如此(ci)。屬(shu)于物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)理變化(hua)(hua)(hua)。用公(gong)式(shi)表示。 ca/cb=k ca.cb分(fen)(fen)別表示一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)化(hua)(hua)(hua)合(he)(he)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)兩(liang)種(zhong)(zhong)互(hu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)相(xiang)(xiang)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)地溶(rong)(rong)(rong)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)中(zhong)的(de)量(liang)濃度(du)(du)。k是一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個常(chang)數,稱為“分(fen)(fen)配(pei)系數"。 有(you)機(ji)化(hua)(hua)(hua)合(he)(he)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)有(you)機(ji)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)中(zhong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般比在(zai)(zai)(zai)水中(zhong)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)解(jie)度(du)(du)大。用有(you)機(ji)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)提取(qu)(qu)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)解(jie)于水的(de)化(hua)(hua)(hua)合(he)(he)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)是萃(cui)取(qu)(qu)的(de)典(dian)型實例(li)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)萃(cui)取(qu)(qu)時,若在(zai)(zai)(zai)水溶(rong)(rong)(rong)液(ye)(ye)中(zhong)加入一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)定量(liang)的(de)電解(jie)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(如氯化(hua)(hua)(hua)鈉),利用“鹽析效應"以(yi)降低有(you)機(ji)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)和(he)萃(cui)取(qu)(qu)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)在(zai)(zai)(zai)水溶(rong)(rong)(rong)液(ye)(ye)中(zhong)的(de)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)解(jie)度(du)(du),常(chang)可提高萃(cui)取(qu)(qu)效果。 要(yao)把所需(xu)要(yao)的(de)化(hua)(hua)(hua)合(he)(he)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)從(cong)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)液(ye)(ye)中(zhong)萃(cui)取(qu)(qu)出(chu)來(lai),通(tong)常(chang)萃(cui)取(qu)(qu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)次(ci)是不(bu)(bu)(bu)夠的(de),必須(xu)重復(fu)萃(cui)取(qu)(qu)數次(ci)。利用分(fen)(fen)配(pei)定律的(de)關系,可以(yi)算出(chu)經過(guo)萃(cui)取(qu)(qu)后化(hua)(hua)(hua)合(he)(he)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)剩余(yu)量(liang)。